Bernard et al. 2003 (51)
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Cross-sectional
|
226 (8-12)
1,881 (7-14)
|
-
|
Dose-effect relation between CCPA and serum SP-A and SP-B (n=226).
Correlations between the prevalence of asthma and the CCPA
(n=1881).
|
Nystad et al. 2003 (68) |
Norway |
Norway |
Cross-sectional |
2,862
children |
- |
Increased risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections
in baby swimmers from atopic parents (aOR, 2.08, 95% CI:
1.08-4.031). |
Lagerkvist et al. 2004 (70) |
Sweden |
Sweden |
Cross-sectional |
57
(10-11) |
- |
Significant decrease of serum CC16 in children (n=20)
regularly visiting indoor chlorinated-pools |
Kohlhammer et al. 2006 (65)
|
Germany
|
Cross-sectional
|
Cross-sectional
|
2,606
(35-74)
|
-
|
Dose-related associations between the risk of hay fever and the current
and school-age pool attendance.
|
Bernard et al. 2006 (52) |
Belgium |
Belgium |
Cross-sectional |
341
(10-13) |
0.25-0.54 |
Increased risk of asthma (doctor-diagnosed or EIB)
with CCPA in children with serum IgE > 100 kIU/L (aOR for
each 100-hr increase in CCPA = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.07-2.72). |
Nickmilder and Bernard, 2007 (95)
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Ecological
|
(13-14)
(6-7)
|
_
|
In both age groups, the prevalence of ever asthma across Europe
correlated with the availability of indoor chlorinated-pools.
|
Bernard et al. 2007 (9) |
Belgium |
Belgium |
Cross-sectional |
341
(10-13) |
- |
Decrease of serum CC16 and higher risks of asthma and
bronchitis in 43 children who swam in indoor chlorinated-pools during
infancy |
Bernard et al. 2008 (96) |
Belgium |
Belgium |
Cross-sectional |
847
(13-18) |
- |
Use of outdoor pools was associated with higher risks of
elevated FeNO, cat or HDM sensitization and asthma in subjects with
serum IgE>25 kIU/L |
Nystad et al. 2008 (97)
|
Norway
|
Norway
|
Prospective
|
30,870
(0.5-1.5)
|
-
|
Increased risk of wheeze (aOR, 1.24, 95% CI 1.11, 1.39) in baby
swimmers from atopic mothers.
|
Schoefer et al. 2008 (98) |
Germany |
Germany |
Prospective |
2,196 (6) |
- |
Baby swimmers had higher risk of asthma (aOR 2.15 95% CI
1.16-3.99) due potentially to reverse causation and respiratory
infections in the 1st yr |
Cotter and Ryan 2009 (56) |
Ireland |
Ireland |
Cross-sectional |
97
(6-12) |
- |
Associations between CCPA and the risk of diagnosed asthma
and wheezing in the last 12 months |
Bernard et al. 2009 (53) |
Belgium |
Belgium |
Cross-sectional |
847
(13-18) |
0.30-0.50 |
Among atopic adolescents, aOR for asthma, hay
fever or allergic rhinitis increased with CCPA but not with the Cu/Ag
pool attendance. |
Voisin et al. 2010 (69) |
Belgium |
Belgium |
Cross-sectional |
430
(5-7) |
- |
Infant swimming in indoor or outdoor chlorinated-pools is
associated with increased risks of bronchiolitis and later of allergic
sensitization |
Font-Ribera et al. 2011 (61)
|
UK
|
UK
|
Prospective
|
5,738
(7 and 10)
|
-
|
Swimming was associated with increased lung function and lower risk of
asthma symptoms.
|
Ferrari et al. 2011 (57) |
Italy |
Italy |
Prospective |
1,136 (18-55) |
- |
Higher risk of new-onset asthma associated with CCPA. |
Jacobs et al. 2012 (62)
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
Cross-sectional
|
2,359
(6-13)
|
0.21
|
Association of HDM sensitization with frequent baby swimming and lower
serum CC16 (n=419). No association with asthma.
|
Font-Ribera et al. 2013 (60)
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
Prospective
|
2,205
(0-1.17)
|
-
|
No association between indoor or outdoor swimming pool attendance during
the 1st year of life and LRTI, wheezing, atopic eczema or otitis
|
Voisin et al. 2013, 2014 (66, 67)
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Prospective
|
196
(5.7 and 7.7)
|
-
|
Swimming at indoor or outdoor chlorinated-pools before the age of 3 yrs
was associated with higher risks of HDM sensitization and increased
FeNO
|
Schuez-Havupalo et al. 2014 (99)
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Prospective
|
1,827
(0-1.42)
|
-
|
Association between infant swimming and rhinovirus-associated wheezing
among children with atopic eczema (n=635, p = 0.006).
|
Font-Ribera et al. 2014 (59) |
Spain |
Spain |
Cross-sectional |
2,758
(6-12) |
- |
No associations between regular indoor pool attendance
before 2 yrs and asthma, wheezing, eczema. |
Bernard et al. 2015 (81) |
Belgium |
Belgium |
Cross-sectional |
835
(13-18) |
- |
Associations of serum CC16/SP-D with CCPA, allergic
sensitization (especially to HDM) and allergic diseases among sensitized
adolescents |
Andersson et al. 2015 (55)
|
Sweden
|
Sweden
|
Cross-sectional
|
1, 866
(11-12)
|
-
|
Asthma associated with indoor pool attendance (≥1 week) only among
sensitized subjects (n= 1,652, aOR1.9, 95% CI 1.09-3.32).
|
Bernard et al. 2017 (100)
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Prospective
|
121
(5.8, 7.8)
|
-
|
Low CC16 in NALF associated with CCPA predicts persistent sensitization
to aeroallergens, especially to HDM
|
Cavaleiro-Rufo et al. 2018 (58) |
Portugal |
Portugal |
Cross-sectional |
858 (7-12) |
- |
Indoor pool attendance associated with autonomic
changes and baseline bronchoconstriction and before 3 yrs with
functional asthma |
Andersson et al. 2018 (54) |
Sweden |
Sweden |
Prospective |
970 (16-17) |
0.15 |
Early indoor pool attendance (< 3 yrs) associated
with asthma onset. Risks are particularly high for atopics.
Dose-response relationships with NCl3. |